Winnipeg Free Press (Newspaper) - July 05, 1938, Winnipeg, Manitoba
Freedom of Trade Liberty of religion Equality of civil rights. Constructive penal policy the constructive features of a reformed penal system for Canada recommended by the Archanbault commission show a new spirit and a new Conception of the possibilities of Jve and re formative efforts if the right methods Are adopted. Their recommendations Are based both on the deploy Awe defects which they found in the present system and on the Good results from More intelligently planned systems which they elsewhere particularly in great Britain. Very much results Are possible in Canada there is not the least doubt of that. First of All they would try to save delinquent boys from going on into crime. To prevent any stigma from their first asses the commission suggests that they should be dealt with not in a place called a court presided Over by a judge but in a Ocial clinic. In the rehabilitation of the juvenile offenders the Alue of the assistance of voluntary citizens committees is recognized. Then in the Case of Young men who commit criminal of fences it is proposed that every Effort be made to reinstate them before they go farther. The borstal system not yet adopted m Canada is recommended for1 this and the Success of the system in great Britain and the fact that youths of borstal be Are convicted annually in Canada who should receive the borstal Type of training suggests the possibilities of the system the need of it in this country. A centralized penal system would be much More efficient and More conducive to Success in re formative work the com Mission finds. Every country but Canada and the United states Las a centralized system. In the United states the difficulty due to divided jurisdiction Between the Federal and state Emmetts is recognized but cannot be overcome for constitutional reasons. In Canada there is no such difficulty and the com Mission strongly urges the Dominion and provinces to co operate in establishing a centralized system. It says it is impossible to reduce crime appreciably or satisfactorily to reorganize the penal system of Canada under divided jurisdiction with the consequent Lack of proper classification and segregation Lack of uniformity of treatment continuity of policy. Wasteful duplication of penal establishments is the cause of unnecessary expense and the Lack of uniform classification and treatment under divided jurisdiction is the cause of increased As further evidence of the need for putting the whole penal system of the country under one authority the commission says that Young prisoners Are often contaminated by association with Joni armed criminals in provincial county or municipal institutions where there Are no facilities for segregation and that the chances of their Reform Are greatly lessened if not destroyed before they reach the Federal a reformed Federal penal system would not mean much with the continuance of such conditions in provincial and local ails. A centralized system is recommended then under a prison commission of three men and it is proposed that they should provide for scientific classification and segregation involving pedal treatment for youths and first offenders the removal of habitual offenders to separate institutions the segregation of the mentally deficient and further classification. The need for classification is obvious in the intelligent treatment of prisoners. the Type and character of the officers in penal institutions _ exceedingly important and it is proposed that they should be by the prison commission without political interference and that they should be trained for their duties at a training school. The notable Progress and Success in penal administration in great Britain has been due in considerable degree to the the of officers who have been secured. Prisoners cannot be treated with undue severity or in an unreasonable Way if there is to be any Hope of rehabilitating Tern. The prevention of the hardening revengeful feeling must be a chief objective. Hence it is recommended that prisoners have an Opportunity of telling their grievances not to officers who Are Over them but to a visiting committee of three to be pointed to visit All penal institutions investigate conditions hear grievances and hear appeals against decisions of prison courts. There have been Twenty disturbances in the penitentiaries in thelast eleven years because prisoners could not get hearing for their grievances. There should be suitable employment for All prisoners and wide Opportunity to learn trades. The commission found a great Deal lacking in this respect and recommends that the very nominal pay be increased to give the men a real interest in their work the present attitude being one of indifference. Greatly improved educational facilities with better equip ment and More suitable teachers Are found to be necessary present arrangements being very defective and Only a Small proportion of the prisoners taking the classes. With a View to inducing a. Healthy state of mind in the prisoners it is recommended that various unnecessary restraints removed that Corporal punishment be Given Only for most serious is abolished in Many greater opportunities be Given for getting the news and recreation m judging sport and concerts. The adoption of a Merit system with privileges to. Those with Good records and the Extension of the sir Ole system Are other proposals. To anyone interested in a sane re formative Effort the importance of All these recommendations will be Clear. It is not a matter of pampering prisoners but of making a serious attempt o prevent the condition of mind that develops in so Many of them making it impossible for them to become Good citizens again and causing Many to return to lives of crime and further imprisonment. Present conditions simply encourage the perpetuation and increase of a criminal class. The aim of the commission is to change that and it shows Steps can be taken in that Are being taken elsewhere. The conditions encouraging the spread of crime should be eliminated and the re formative purpose should be uppermost in penal administration. The Archanbault commission has done an extremely Valu Able work and it should Lead to a great Advance in a Field that been sadly neglected in Canada. The essentially important Krov merits in our penal system which it recommends should Lave the Strong support of the people of Canada and of the Federal and provincial governments. Which sir Edward gave against amalgamation is the one which re Mains unchanged despite the very different Railroad setting of 1926 and 1938. Sir Edward would say perhaps that we How cannot afford to maintain the services which we maintained in 1926, that we must now Cut our to our reduced measure. But there still looms the problem which he set Forth 12 years ago of slackness laziness and morale. What of his 1938 plan in the Light of this Opin Ion of this How does he think it can be overcome or. S. J. Hungerford on this Point is in agreement with sir Edward he believes too in language almost identical with sir slackness and Lazi Ness would result. The Prospect is one to make men think. What has changed sir Edward Beatty was not favor of railway in 1926, speaking the Montreal Canadian club was emphatically against it i was Askea ii i believed in a monopoly for this country i answered that while no one a attempt to forecast conditions this country for the next Lew with that certainty which justify a definite and in i in Gable View i did not believe in monopoly and i did not believe in Tor a reason that was perhaps in Way the result of my own i said that 1 thought a of these two principal prop ups would involve difficulties of inst ratio which were scarcely contemplated and which would to time affect the whole character of the service Given to the Public that i did not know How it would be pos sible with the Best executives the most Loyal and efficient officers and the Wisest and most patriotic Board of directors for an Enterprise with one Hundred to one Hundred and fifty to be maintained in the highest state of efficiency without the Spur of Competition. I May be wrong. In my Point of View but it is extremely difficult to main Tain a High morale and that on his toes attitude of railway employees when they have nothing to measure their efforts against and that so far As they Are concerned the struggle for results is taken away because there is no one else in the Many people besides sir Edward have changed their minds but it is remarkable that toe very reason women at Wimbledon the Ascendancy of the Ameri can women players Over All others at Wimbledon offers a text for Many sermons but it gave the players of the same nationality a copious superiority which unfortunately pitted them against one another at the last. For mrs. Wills Moody to have miss Helen Jacobs again for her adversary in the Wimbledon final prolonged the tragic conflict waged Between these women since they played As girls on the courts in their californian town. That these tried antagonists would have to meet in the Wim Beldon final was thought improbable two weeks ago. Mrs. Wills Moody went Down dismally to de feat before Fraulein Hilda Sper Ling the danish player in the London championships which pre cede the Wimbledon tournament and even the poker face Seren Ity of mrs. Wills Moody could not obliterate the belief in others that her comeback was a definite impossibility. An injured Arm had kept miss Jacobs out of the earlier tournament but recovery allowed her to display slashing precision against the polish mile. Jendzejowska in the Wimbledon series and miss Jacobs later defeat by any woman seemed very Uncertain. But by their vanquishing strides mrs. Wills Moody and miss Jacobs were carried Forward inevitably to the final for the championship they played on saturday. Even in that happening the fates decreed that the sweeping Victory of mrs. Wills Moody should be deprived of its fullest gratification for a strained Achilles Tendon Only let miss Jacobs i rep through a game that must have Given her agony and in which in no set did she show any of her splendid form. That Victory for mrs. Wills Moody must taste of the bitter disappointment that the Victory Over her in the american championships at Forest Hills three years ago tasted for miss Jacobs when the latter had to accept de fault on account of mrs. Wills Moody s. Injured spine. These contingencies of sport de tract from the satisfaction of the results but they cannot fairly diminish recognition of Helen wills Moody new Queen on the throne of world Tennis from which Suzanne Lenglen reigned a Long and so invincible. Tightening up the Law an unfortunate motor crash in which two Manitoba women were killed and other Highway Acci dents Over the week end Are unhappy reminders of the need for an unremitting safety Campaign. Lapses on the part of ordinarily careful Drivers often Lead to Dis Aster. The warning must be repeated constantly with a View to ensuring greater caution in driving and eliminating the dangerous lapses. Another class of accidents is due to the irresponsible conduct of reckless Drivers who Are a menace to others on the highways. Parlia ment has just strengthened the criminal Law dealing with this offence. Reckless driving whether it leads to an Accident or not is now punishable by a heavy Fine or imprisonment or both. The of fender May also be prohibited from driving for three years. Anyone who drives a motor car while disqualified is liable to a Fine up to or six months imprisonment. And penalties Are More Likely to be imposed on reckless Drivers responsible for accidents by a change in the Law which enables a jury to find an. Offender who is charged with manslaughter guilty of reckless driving instead. Many offenders have escaped because the juries did not wish to convict on the More serious charge. The Senate from the Toronto saturday night we regard it As vitally important for. The preservation of democracy in Canada that the Senate should not Only perform its share of the task of legislation but should also enjoy its share of the prestige pc Perly belonging to a legislative body. Winnipeg tuesday july 5, 1938 free for Alt in Dungeon darkness beyond that Herr von Schuschnigg and his former ministers of Austria Are held by the German secret police or the nazi guards so Little is. Known and so Little of what is known is Good that the gravest anxiety in London is As to the Fate of the former aus Trian Chancellor there is Complete silence. He is said by his sailors to be alive but he May be Only Liv ing in death. The former mayor of Vienna was said recently to be dead in the concentration Camp at Dachau and though this has been denied there is no Assurance Felt in the safety either of the Chan cellar the mayor or any of the other former austrians forcefully detained by their German con scrip tors. There is no certainty where Herr von Schuschnigg is being kept by the nazis but he was said to be still in Vienna by the most reliable reports two weeks age. Wherever he is he is unlikely to be receiving the treatment becoming to a statesman who patriotically sup ported the interests of his own country. He was neither traitor to Austria nor deceitful to Germany. Then Why the severity of his treat ment Why the infamous conduct toward the political head of a former Friendly state the reason May not be found but the sever Ity of the treatment May be judged from an article that appeared in revue de Paris. This article tells of one of the strangest rudest tyrannical receptions Ever accorded Host to guest. At it von Schuschnigg met Hitler at the latter s place Berchtesgaden. It was there that lord Halifax the British foreign Secretary was received by Hitler. It was there that Lloyd George was profusely welcomed by Hitler. And it was at Berchtesgaden that Hitler listened with approval while old Lansbury pleaded for peace in the world. The worst was feared when the Chancell eries Learned that Herr von Schuschnigg had at last accepted Herr Hitler s invitation or command to visit Berchtesgaden. As far Back As january Baron von Neurath advised the French ambassador at Berlin that the fuehrer had made up his mind to get rid of Chancellor and when the austrian Chancellor declined to visit Hitler the latter gave von Papen orders to bring about the interview. This von Papen did through Guido Schmidt the austrian foreign minister. This strange Little Man against whom Mussolini himself once warned Schuschnigg in no Uncer Tain terms had Long been working for the the highly informed writer of the article from the revue de Paris translated in the current Issue of the living age says that von Schuschnigg reached Salzburg by special train on the morning of february 12. He arrived at Berchtesgaden accompanied by Schmidt von Papen and or. Peter a Young Secretary of Schmidt s. Contrary to certain fantastic accounts Schuschnigg was almost immediately received by the fuehrer in the conservatory which was decorated with the tapestries from the Villa. This great chamber was the scene of the entire interview which be Gan a Little before noon and lasted until 10 o clock in the the weaving of the fateful web around the austrian Chancellor in this discourteous ordeal is Best told in the words of the article in. The living age. It goes on the atmosphere was Stormy from the be ginning. Without bothering to shake Schuschnigg s hand or to offer him a chair Hitler spoke to him with which. Soon degenerated into downright insults. He called him murderer of Planetta Planetta the Assassin of Dolfuss had been executed after trial for his crime and he charged him with maintaining an illegal dictatorship. He warned him that he. Would crush him. As he crushed every body who opposed his will that he intended to be obeyed. Said the fuehrer you Are playing your last card Here. You will yield or i shall seize Austria in Schuschnigg s cold and naturally aloof and absent minded manner infuriated Hitler who embarked upon his own veritable Dit Yramb which he shouted in a Jerky voice pounding on the table with his. Fist. When Schuschnigg started to open his Cigar Ette Case Hitler rudely forbade him to smoke in his presence. The if it could be called that writer in the Paris was interrupted for lunch. In addition to the two chancellors von Papen Schmidt and Peter there were present von generals Keitel Sperrle and von Reichenau and or. Dietrich. Complete silence reigned around the table. The meal was As frugal As a Monk s resist. After the Coffee a servant brought in a tray6e liqueurs and offered them first to the fuehrer who re fused them with a gesture and said looking directly at Schuschnigg i permit everybody around me to drink because seeing other people drink does not distress a non Drinker but smoking in the pres ence of someone whom it annoys is a breach of Good manners Schuschnigg confessed that not being Able to smoke made him very uncomfortable. In a dry voice Hitler said that he might smoke one cigarette later he allowed him to smoke until the end of the interview. The bully had the austrian Chancellor caught in the toils coiled by the treacherous Schmidt Austria s former foreign minister what Chance can there be now for decent treatment being accorded the former Chancellor so unbelievably rudely treated by his captor Germany s fuehrer Thi former austrian today s scripture from psalm 57 be merciful unto me o god be merciful unto me for my Sou Trust eth in thee Yea in the Shadow of thy wings will i ref Uge until these calamities be Overr past. I will cry unto god mos High unto god that perform eth All things for me. He shall Send from heaven and save me from the reproach of him who would Swallow me up. God shall sent Forth his mercy and his truth. My soul is among Lions and i lie even among them that Are set on fire even the sons of men whose Teeth Are Spears and arrows and their Tongue a Sharp sword. Is boots an a tint work the Dachshund Century for years and years psychology was an overworked word so Over worked with its. Derivative psychological that Many of us came to avoid and even hate the term. But it is the word for miss g. B. Stern s portrayal of dogs in her latest of Many books the ugly messes. Macmillan Toronto More entertaining than Hans Christian Andersen s ugly it is a fable and Good Humoured satire both skilful and searching in its import while inimitable for insight into the canine mind and memory. Whatever dogs have that is far less than mind it is More than instinct. The word for this Book is Clever and it is supremely so whether As canine psychology or human analogy. The hero of the Story is a great Dane named Tono who is under the illusion that he is a like the five Small dogs of that Breed in a Villa on the Shore of the Mediterranean. Tono and the five dachshunds each with its Owa name and character have personality. The human creations Are As a species known to the dogs As legs and named master legs supreme legs relative legs a sister to Etc. part in the Story and figure from the viewpoint of dogs Only. Rela Tive legs brings a belgian Griffin Well named Voltaire so shrewdly cynically Wise he is and so Superior to the dachshunds and to Tono the most innocent and earn est and Well meaning of dogs in the Book. Another visitor is Dulci Bella a Mongrel dog of the films brought by highly insured legs an aggressive film Star. Dulcibella says of naturally i d rather be on the legit. My dream is to play flush in the but she and her mistress Are Only incidental. Voltaire is an important Char Acter in the canine personnel. The ugly Dachshund is not Reading for a weary hour. Its Clev erness Means concentration and a ready Uptake in the Reader. The literary allusions Are spontaneous never dragged in whether in the narrative or in the speech Between dogs the Reader too Mil need to remember Elsa and. Erda and and. The twins Fafnir and Wotan the first three especially in their relations with various legs. The twins and Eva were relics of Elsa s last whelping. Eva was an elizabethan in spirit the sea called to in Confidence to Erda she used the first words that occurred to her All i ask is a tall ship and a Star to steer her when her Mother was told that by frightened Erda she was annoyed burrowing a wrinkled nose into her flanks then saying All that Eva really asked was a condition powder Anc she hoped the legs would give. H to her Quick Tono is the hero of the tale. He is a Dull dog with a deep de Votion to his master legs wonder ing and Hurt that he is never picked up and called not fed daintily like the rest. Two pounds of raw meat Flung Down was his dinner. How he longed to lie across master legs feet in bed and How he could not Bear any legs that were not kind to Small animals like himself. One Day there arrived at the Villa Anc was placed on a Wall of the inner courtyard a rare Mirror sixteenth or so. Tono by Chance got info this courtyard a pause in the very heart of the Anc there he saw great dog to him a vision which had been fore shadowed by a glimpse of himself in the Pool. A sensitive remorse for Lack of integrity had once driven him to the futile attempt to drown himself in the. Goldfish Pool much shallower than the swimming Pool. Good Bye my master he whispered on its Mossy Edge the end of the tale brings a duplicate of himself a smaller great dog a daughter of the dogs divinely tall and most divinely and master legs gave her to Tono. Here you Are old he said w to an encouraging Pat and in event with the two likenesses in the Mirror Tono Learned Hal he was not a smal Dachshund but a great dog. Miss Stern is both Lover and interpreter of dogs. She understands them and her ready pen gives us a study that is literary and fascinating Tono is Short for Tono Bookman birthdays George Hagan Holmfield Man. Born Gibraltar july 5, 1862. Magnus Wilson. Gladstone Man. Born Finstown Orkney islands. July 5. 1860. I James Hunter Green Ridge Man. Born Almonte ont., july 5, 1880 3l w. Johnmu Winnipeg born Waw Suesa Man., july 0, 1883. Printed and published Winnipeg free press company. Limited. 300 Cirl Fea Street. Winnipeg. Manitoba. J. V. Dafoe Victor president general registered at the general Post office for transmission through the Post in the kingdom at the newspaper of postage. Incomparable Suzanne by . Suzanne Lenglen was an epoch. There will be greater players than Luzanne there will be younger champions but Suzanne will re main. Suzanne the incomparable he there was never anyone like her before. Those hat have followed have been further editions of Suzanne All diligently revised and compared with the original it is Dif cult to see How women Tennis players hereafter can but members of the great Lenglen. Tradition they cannot there were great women Tennis players before her. Few people in 1887 a 15ryear-old girl miss Dod won the Wimbledon event that must have staggered the country. There was also for instance mrs. Larn Jert Chambers who dominated Wimbledon for years adorned in a Large hat full sleeved Blouse and full length skirt. Mrs. Lam Bert Chambers nobody knows her Christian name was a Fine player. She did what women players Ler time All on the base line and by accurate timing and varying Speed beat All Comers or years then came Suzanne. She had before the War won the French hard courts championship youngster of 13. In 1919 she appeared for the Fust tune and swept mrs. Lamber Chambers into oblivion in straight sets her secret was a simple one her had made her enormously accurate she wore Short that die not hamper her movements she wore sleeveless garments she had a vast and alarming vitality. In less than two weeks women s Tennis had been changed forever and Ever. In the words of ont. Writer she lifted Lawn Tennis from the level of a pastime for women whose movements were restricted by a convention of dress and de Corum and raised it to an acro Batic Art Freedom of the converting the stylist into a spectacular artist she leaped and bounded straight from the Centre. Court into every picture where her descendants leap and bound to this very a dramatic Anc vivid figure in her own Peculiar fashion brought emancipation to woman in a Way the ballot there was much More in this revolution than the vigorous Public exploitation of the sex Appeal of this great and indomitable girl Suzanne put ideas into the Heads of millions of girls who through her began immediately to realize a new and fascinating Freedom. Suzanne s Tennis clothes set an immediate fashion but this was Only a Symbol of the real change. Suzanne s Day on have had a sensible Liberty which they owe largely to her they could do a Hundred things without question because the pub Lic through the picture papers had had its most sacred conventions shattered and smashed by Suzanne who demonstrated again and again that women on the ten Nis court were the equals of a but the very Best of men. Her contemporaries studying this phenomenon and the tech Nique adapted the latter to fit their needs in Many other Fields. Revolution begun by the War was consolidated and con inked by Suzanne and her follow ers. A score of social conventions Ell before them like Jericho s Walls before the trumpets of Joshua and they have never been rebuilt now Suzanne is be Ore she was forty and it matters ittle How that she was beaten by mrs. Mallory when she invaded the United states and that her career As a professional was not As successful As vines. Nor does t matter that there Are women playing Tennis today who can drive harder and More accurately than she Ever did. Suzanne still As the head of the House. Suzanne he unmarried Suzanne was a matriarch before she was 20, and she can. Look Catherine the great Christina of Sweden and Maria Theresa straight in the Eye and not Bow Down before them. Be cause you see Catherine Chris Ina and Maria. Theresa never had their pictures taken leaping three feet in the air to smash a Tennis pall left Baseline with one knee up six inches of their Dainty patrician noses. But that was Suzanne. Hygroscopic Ity Ken w. Mctaggart in the . At the very basis of All Furni Ture manufacture is the the Only dead Wood is Rotten Wood All other Wood lives and furniture men know this Quality in Wood by the word it Means condition of any piece of Wood judged on its tendency to absorb or exude moisture. All until it rots has this faculty. The exact degree of hygroscopic Ity of any Wood is determined by the amount of seasoning it has had. And the exact degree of Hydro Scop City also is the biggest Factor in determining its eventual life in furniture. Supposing Wood which was too dry were used. It would seek under the eventual household or office conditions i which it were used to absorb moisture. On the other hand if it were too Damp when manufactured it would tend to exude moisture. In this absorb ing or exuding process it would disintegrate the piece of furniture by swelling or shrinking would crack the finish no matter How Good the finish might be and would ruin the glue despite what Fine Quality glue might be used. Then realize this important fact Canada offers the greatest extremes of climatic changes both in temperature and humidity that can be met by furniture. Vagaries of climatic changes Are assailing furniture from the outside Are exerting influences on the hygroscopic Content of the Wood inside and Combine with the extraordinary conditions of modern desires for warmth to subject furniture which the owner thinks is being Well preserved to conditions worse than face his automobile which undergoes far less rigorous humidity from the Golden books Small dream Frances and Down the other Side of dream and up this Side of heaven i smelled a hoarse and Hilly Stream and grass that grew Between. And up the farther Side of Hill and Down into the hollow i heard the Small Grey whip poor will flick feathers to his fellow. And Over Back the nearest Ridge i tasted Moonlight burning and saw the smoke Rise from the Edge of restless mountains turning. And lying prone upon the grass i touched the dewy Thistle and Rose and let the Midnight pass without a ghost of whistle. Neptune and aeolus from the London in future every passenger who crosses the Equator for the first time in ii of the Empire flying boats will be presented with an ornamental scroll certifying that he has become one of the progressive band of travellers who Cross the. Line by this Gest ure Graceful though it is May seem at first sight unimportant a Mere whimsy on the part of some official with a kind heart and a sense of humor. But in the Long run it May turn out to be of great practical effect. For what has so far prevented air travel from be coming so popular As it ought to be that it is dangerous or monotonous or expensive or sick making but that like one of those admirable new Public schools it has no traditions. When a Man travels by ship even on the shortest of voyages he is floating not Only upon water but also upon a sea of associations literary and historical he is Odysseus he is Jason he is co Lumbus and Captain Cook and trader Horn. He is a Jolly Jack tar and every Nice girl love s him and he does t care and he has a wife in every it s Yoho to and a bottle of rum and a. Life on the Ocean if he Hap pens to be of a More scholarly Type on the the Luminous the dark the Serpent haunted sea. All this whether he realizes it or not is both flattering and exhilarating it gives him a sense of Unity with the heroes and adventurers of the past and it ministers to his vanity As a Well read Man. But Aerial travel has no such connotations. The air has As. Yet no shanties and Little serious poetry is sure torome but the shanties Are More doubtful. For one thing they would be scarcely audible above the noise of the engines and it is poor fun singing shanties if nobody can hear them. For another aviation does not involve any prolonged arduous rhythmic movements such As the hauling of copes or the turning of Capstans. Swinging the pro peller is the nearest approach to these motions and the Only vocal accompaniment which this seems to evoke is a laconic shout of still Imperial. Airways have made a Good Start with their Orna mental scroll but they state that there is to be no air equivalent of the shaving and ducking to which we Are subjected by King Neptune when crossing the line at sea. This seems a pity. It would be perfectly easy Lor a member of the flying boat s Crew disguised As aeolus and attendee not by bears but by albatrosses to give All the novices a baptisms air Bath with the Aid of an elec a Trie fan. And it would be a Short step from this ceremony to the creation of an Aerial equivalent to Jack Wing or Peter prop suggest themselves As will have no More difficulty than his Marine Proto Type in making All the Nice girls love him even if he cannot succeed owing to the exigencies of the time schedule in having a wife in every Airport. It is to be. Hoped however that no attempt will be made to introduce into air travel the More Barbaric seafaring practices. Keel hauling a terrible ordeal even at sea would be an unthinkable. Horror in the air while As the Plank at that Thel imagination boggles sickeningly and for it paper bag
;