Winnipeg Free Press

Winnipeg Free Press (Newspaper) - April 28, 1944, Winnipeg, Manitoba Freedom of Trade Liberty of religion Equality of civil Reg hit Power for peace free fhe Ideal of collective Security crystallizes frito the politics of the democratic states there emerges a Tal change from the worlds original attitude towards league of nations. The new International organization being 1s t0 based on the ful1 use of military peace. J i ii True that the in its covenant contemplate Power against aggressors and required All members Riv Ute to it when peace was threatened but the members led largely on the mobilization of world opinion on Force to halt aggressors and this theory that promises a behaviour were reliable finally blossomed in the Brianzi a Promise by signatories to avoid War. When such promises had foiled when Only Force could prevent War no important willing to use it. Disillusioned by these events the United nations do not intend i Sake toe same mistake again. They will build their new realization on actual Power. This is clearly implied in the Moscow declaration which promises the signatories will consult with one another and United nations with a View to joint action on behalf of Community of for the United states or. Hull said in a speech on september 1943, that the peacefully Ujj Jiae nations must in the interest of general peace and Security be willing to accept responsibility for this task the of aggression in accordance with their respective and on april 9, 1944, or. Hull in a broadcast. 0d that the new International organization must provide that shall use Force Only in accordance with the Laws f the organization and it must provide for the maintenance of adequate forces to preserve peace and it must provide the institutions and procedure for calling this Force into action to the military Power to preserve peace rests largely with Bree nations Britain the United states and Russia. As or. Den said Irr a recent speech and As or. Hull recognizes the pain responsibility for putting Power behind peace must lie Vith these nations and their agreement on Basic problems is essential to the creation and maintenance of the International organization. From this obvious fact some people in Canada and else where have concluded that an International organization backed by the Power of the will be Only another version i Power politics a disguise for a new balance of world Power. From this they argue that smaller nations like Canada must attach themselves for safety to one of the thus creat ing a race Between the for the accumulation of Power Thich would Lead inevitably to conflict. This interpretation of the new International organization misconstrues its purpose its machinery and the intentions of its founders. It sweeps aside As Mere cynicism and hypocrisy the statements of such men As or. Eden who insists on the rights of the smaller Powers and or. Hull who has specifically denounced the theory of Power blocs alliances and spheres of fluence. Moreover this interpretation ignores entirely the results which will flow from a meeting of All the peace Loving actions even though chief responsibility for protecting peace Eust rest with a Small number among them. From the beginning the All important Factor of Power Rould be exercised in an International setting much broader Haa the , this living fact of joint sup ported by All would be established even though the bad a dominant voting Power within the organization. Such i dominating vote May be necessary in the beginning in questions of Power and its use in the actual military phase of the organization. In the other business of the organization in economic problems in projects of Relief currency tariffs lend ing and the like smaller Powers would certainly have a larger part to play on the functional principle which was established in the United nations Relief and rehabilitation administration. The fact that the three great Powers exercised a dominant position in the control of military Power against peace Breakers would not remove the incalculable psychological advantage of introducing the element of responsibility on the part of these nations to the larger group. At the same time the smaller Powers would feel for the first time that they were part of a general International organi action with responsibilities to it and Protection from it. Above All in the single Field where they would be dominant the Field of military Power the would be impelled to submit their plans and policies to the scrutiny Aid debate of All members and this the would wish to do since they would require despite All their great Power the support of the smaller nations in carrying through any Large use of Force against a world aggressor. Exercised in the setting of an International organization consultation and according to the rules of the organization Power is a very different thing from Power exer Ted unilaterally by a single nation or several nations in combination for their own interests and in disregard of a other interests. This is Power but it is not Power politics. I is collective Security not individual insecurity. It is idealism but based on the realities of the world. No human institution if it lives can be Static. It must Stow and develop with the civilization which nourishes it. The new International organization May be expected to Iange with time and As it increases in strength the influence the smaller members will increase. B the world is secured from general War and the threat. Aggressors the larger Powers will depend less and less on their own Power and More and More on the Power of the organization. In time the dominant position of the ail will accept As an obvious necessity at the beginning decline with their concurrence As a world society develops but it is As absurd to say that we cannot have collective Security because of the present military Power of the As it i to say that without collective Security peace can Long survive overburdened parliaments or. Herbert Morrison s proposal the British parliament delete legislation to boards and Wear crafts has launched a wide state in Britain. Like Parlia the country is rightly sus of any attempt to place Power of Law making in hands of men who have not elected. It is How that socialist planning in Tain or elsewhere would make which affect lives. Neither n Britain nor in Canada does a armament seem to have any such a tettion. I the London meeting every Canadian will be pleased t the Safe arrival of or. King in attend the prime minis ers j. His colleagues t tile Council table will be or. Curtin of Australia or. Fraser of vew zealand and Field marshal nuts of South Africa. The meet no i is not a full dress. Imperial conference it is being carefully ailed Only a meeting of prime ministers. But it is obviously an important gathering. Not since 937 have All the Dominion prime canisters met in London and the Var is now at a stage where there i special value in what or. Racket has called a meeting of or. Churchill is no stranger to Ither Imperial conferences or meetings of Dominion prime min sters but this is the first time on which he will preside. The real of the gathering is Field marshal Smuts who was at the historic meetings of 1917 and 1918 which put the. Dominions fairly on the Road to autonomy and National Tatus. Next in seniority stands Var. King whose first conference n London was 1923. Or. Fraser i f new zealand and or. Curtin f Australia Are the newcomers and from All accounts the latter is Likely to. Play an important role Vith his formal proposal for the creation of a Commonwealth secretariat. Elsewhere on this Page today Ive begin publication of a series f three articles summarizing important debates on Commonwealth affairs which took place in the House of lords at Westminster in .842. They were important be Muse during them All the varied Points of View regarding the past and present and future of Commonwealth relations were presented winding up with a most important speech by lord Cran borne. Who then was. As he a Secretary of state for Dominion affairs. Of pouring through parliament dwarfs the business of a Genera Tion ago. Under these condition parliament in a i senere would make of authority and of bureaucrats inevitable experience of All socialistic has proved. Same time even without As the economist Points the toe parliamentary system at to a very real problem in seek Alj keep Public business and to r feb us. Uusi Itras Diu of legislation under modern society is so that the business Britain and in Canada must adjust its business methods. It must devise ways b which More business can be trans acted in a Given time and to Thi end various proposals for Reform ing the rules of the Canadian House of commons have been made by such members As or Brooke Claxton. Much time could be saved in Canada by limiting general de Bates in which members can Dis cuss anything and Seldom discus the business of the Day. The com Mittee system by which import ant legislation goes to a larg committee of members saves the time of the House. However business is Speede up and streamlined parliament should never abdicate for a moment the Power to make the Law Winnipeg Friday april let them it Victor Sifton 1 publisher. George v. Ferguson. Executive editor. Grant Dexter at locate editor. Bruce Hutchison associate editor. Ohm Hay one of the greatest secretaries of state in the his tory of the United once said a treaty entering the Senate is like a Bull going into the Arena no one can say just How or when the final blow will fall but one thing is certain it will never leave the Arena history has supported this housing Relief from cities All the Way from Halifax to Vancouver come re sorts of the difficulty of scores or hundreds of families n Winnipeg who recent living accommodation when hey must move on May i. Appeals have been made in vain to Ottawa to help in increasing the available housing. The Dominion government is icon to place a new housing act before parliament and that May be the reason it refuses to take any immediate or temporary a Ion. It leaves to the municipalities the responsibility for any emergency action that May be necessary. It will be physically possible to meet the situation in some Way everywhere. Families will be packed into Rooming houses they will be accommodated buildings of various sorts Sud Denly converted into apartments. 3ut that is not Good enough and t shows no comprehension on the part of the government of the during the past three years there have been no less than debates in the House of lords on the question of. Commonwealth relations. I in View of the impending con Ference of prime ministers and the useful discussion of common wealth relations which has been proceeding since lord Halifax spoke in Toronto last january these debates Are Worth recalling. Among the participants were Sev eral men of considerable experience including lord Bennett and of course members of the British government like lord Cranborne he present Secretary of state for the dominions these debates make Clear that the desire for a centralized com functioning under an Imperial Cabinet or Council is strongly held by a Small but influential group of conservative Peers. No doubt this group would include lord Halifax. On the other hand the debates j the Senate and the peace gloomy prediction most notably in the rejection of the treaty of Versailles and the league of nations by a minority of the Senate. On March 19, 1920, the Resolution in favor of the league with cer Tain reservations received 49 votes against 35 in opposition to it. The constitutional Rule which requires that two thirds of the Senate shall approve treaties proved then As it had so Many times before a fatal Barrier to democracy. It remains literally True that the majority of the american people and a major Ity of their elected representatives cannot control a minority on the most vital business of the nation. Within visible time another peace settlement will have to be submitted to the Congress. Alarmed Lesl a minority of. The Senate reject it or Emilj curate it by reservations the uni eel states government is reported Tuta consider ing a different line of action. Instead of framing the peace settlement As a treaty which must receive a two thirds vote of the Senate the government would make an executive agreement with other nations. Such an agreement must be ratified by both houses of Congress but Only by a Bare majority. According to the United his whole Book is designed to show that the two thirds Rule makes True democracy impossible makes the majority of the nation the prisoner of a determined minority jeopardizes american participation in a Post War Settle ment and paralyses american diplomacy. And he asserts that the isolationist senators even now Are planning to wreck the next peace settlement by skilful use of the two thirds Rule the method of fatal reservation perfected by senator Lodge in wrecking the Versailles treaty. The objection to a constitutional amendment is that it will take too Long since it must be approved by two thirds of the Congress to begin with and then by three quarters of the states. But professor Cole Grove Points out that amendments have sometimes been achieved within nine months and. In. This Case action could be hastened if the Congress insisted on state action. By a certain Date through the system of state conventions elected by the method permitted by the Constitution but never yet used. Any Case it is Clear from the history of the Senate and from the record of the powerful isolationists who still remain in it that a peace settlement requiring a two thirds vote would run grave risks of Shipwreck. As in 1920 the whole Hope of the world All the plans r. Urgent immediate need for Relief news or. Kull favors this from the pressure on housing there will be Little construction under the new housing act in this building season. The act will hardly be passed by parliament before the end of june then it will be carefully examined by the lending institutions that will later consider applications for housing Loans and it will be examined by he cities in regard to its provi Sion for subsidized housing. It will be september at least before Here is any construction under the new act. But the present intolerable congestion is a Federal not a local responsibility because it is clearly due to the War. The Dominion has full Power under the War measures act to Deal promptly and without waiting for Legisla Tion with any emergency Situa Tion due to the War. The quickest Way to increase housing accommodation would be to make available Short term housing Loans in All the cities for converting single family houses into duplexes or into three or More self contained apartments. A Good Deal could be done this season if prompt action were taken. Plan. A already the government has from the Golden books on a certain lately at court by Alexander Pope i know the thing that s most uncommon envy be silent and i know a reasonable woman handsome and witty yet a Friend. Not warped by passion awed by Rumor not grave through Pride or Gay through Folly an equal mixture of Good humor and sensible soft melancholy. Has she no faults then envy yes she has one i must aver when All the world. Conspires to Praise her. The woman s deaf and does not hear. Moved far along this line. It was an executive agreement which covered the United states adherence to the United nations on january 1, 1942. By the same method the United states established its Mutual Aid programme and accepted the United nations Relief and rehabilitation administration. This method of course is far More democratic than the method of treaty since it implements the will of the majority of both houses and the House of representatives its numbers based on population is a far More representative body than the Senate in which each state has two Mem Bers regardless of its population. The executive agreement method has been used by several presi dents to avoid the Strait jacket of the two thirds Rule. President Tyler used it to Annex Texas. When the Senate in 1897 rejected a treaty covering the annexation of Hawaii president Mckinley submitted an executive agreement instead and it carried by a straight majority of both houses. But there Are dangers in this system according to Kenneth Cole Grove professor of political science in Northwestern University who explains them in his notable new Book the american Senate and world he argues in Brief that the executive agreement is a circumvention of the Constitution which evidently intended that All foreign treaties should be approved by two thirds of the Senate. The use of such an evasion he fears May weaken Public Confidence in the Constitution. He therefore pro poses that the Constitution be amended to provide that treaties shall be approved by a majority of the Senate or of both houses. Of the victorious nations and the possibility of a workable inter National order would hang on the votes of 33 men and if they acted As in 1920 says professor Cole Grove their votes would be based not on the merits of the treaty but on their attitude towards the president and their own political ambitions. It will not serve to argue that the Senate will implement the will of the people. The people favored the league in 1920 beyond question but were cockeyed out of it and could be cockeyed out of a similar project now. Demo Cracy cannot operate when a third of the legislature representing far. Less than a third of the elect ors can veto it. With these dangers in View or Hull has begun non partisan conferences with the Senate and the House of representatives to keep the peace settlement out of party debate. The fact that he includes the House suggests that he May have in mind an executive agree ment which would be submitted to a majority vote of both Cham Bers. Perhaps the decision on this Point will depend on the attitude of the Senate or should or. Roosevelt refuse to run again or be Defeated it would depend on the attitude of the next president. Whatever happens the agitation for the abolition of the fatal two thirds Rule is Welling up fast in the United states and eventually should be irresistible. Commonwealth of lotions centralizes on Jan in to lie Pacific. Lord Bennett made his Maiden speech on this occasion and devoted the whole of it to Commonwealth relations. He said there was great apprehension ini1. The United kingdom on this sub apprehension which he fully shared. Lord Bennett reviewed Commonwealth relations from 1887 to Date. He traced the efforts to establish an Empire secretariat in Ondon which he said had been clocked by Laurier on the ground hat it would Trench upon the sovereignty of fee dominions. He Aid stress on the Imperial War Cabinet of 1917. The difference Between an Imperial conference demonstrate in a much clearer Kway than might be expected the difficulties which bar the path to centralization. These difficulties Are uncovered not so much in rebuttal to the centralization argument As in the factual statements of responsible ministers like lord Cranborne. For purposes of clarity it will be helpful to regard the debates As one and to summarize first the Case for centralization and second the difficulties in Herent in the centralist position. April 2, 1941, lord Eli Bank moved a Resolution on the Empire and the he pro posed an Imperial War Council consisting of the prime ministers of the dominions and representatives of India the colonies and protectorates. The purpose of the Council would be to co ordinate action upon major questions of Imperial policy arising out of the War and in the settlement of the peace. This motion differed somewhat from those moved in earlier years by lord Eli Bank. In 1940 he had sought an Imperial Cabinet. He had failed to win support and was now reviving the question in the Hope that times were More propitious. Lord Eli Bank s argument was that there had been an Imperial War Cabinet in the last War Anc that the necessity for such a body was greater now than then. He knew there was the fullest Consul tation but consultation could not achieve the Unity of purpose Anc decision or the results which would be secured by a regularized body of Empire statesmen sitting and acting together under directly and a Cabinet was that the one consultative and the other Dominion a Cabinet responsible the obstacle because there would be no impairment of autonomy. The dominions would join this body of their own free will. It is lord Eli Bank went on that after the War the British Empire and the United states alone will possess be tween them the requisite com 0 no. For naturalists and sportsmen be of our favorite birding haunts is Marsh at the Southern of Lake Manitoba. Here we have spent glorious Days watching ducks wad ers and Marsh Birds and it was to this delightful spot we took when gasoline was plentiful visitors from East and West to show them Birds they had never before seen alive. It was therefore with Peculiar pleasure that we read the american wildlife Institute s latest Book the Canvasback on a Prairie by h. Albert Hochbaum. The title might Lead one to think the author was dealing with a single species but he used the Canvasback As a Centrepiece around which to weave the stories of the other ducks nesting in the Marsh and to introduce the Many other species which flit through or Over their Home. Thus 67 other Birds and 13 mammals Are goodly number of neighbors for the lordly the results of or. Hochbaum s four years of study of the Marsh s population Are recorded in Chap ters headed Spring court the nesting the Brood the Post Breeding autumn and the shooting and a discussion for and each chapter contains a wealth of information which will be new to most readers and some even to advanced Stu dents of Bird life. It is impossible for the casual visitor to a Marsh no matter How Many years his visits cover to understand the miscellany of observations he makes As they Lack continuity and the significance of minor incidents is generally completely lost. Or. Hochbaum s Book will answer Many puzzles and the Reader will gain a new under standing of what is actually going on in Marshland and be Able to correlate his own observations with those of the author. Or. Hochbaum s Book is written not Only from a researcher s Point of View but also from a sportsman a for he is an ardent Duck shooter who. Each fall that strange Hunter s fever with its Tingle along the sports men we Are sure will be amazed at some of the results of or. Hoch Baum s Day by Day observations and his discussion for management should be read by every Hunter. The Book contains about 200 pages 18 half tones of habitats nests and ducks and a color plate and numer Ous sketches by the author. It May be obtained through Winnipeg Book Sellers and we heartily Recomb mend it Lor both Birdman and Duck Hunter. The Delia Duck station the research station which or. Hoc Haburn. Used As his Headquarters is owned and operated by James f. Bell of Minneapolis who for Many years by Means of a hatchery in charge of Edward Ward reared and liberated thousands of ducks in the Delta Marsh. In 1938, in co operation with the american wild life Institute and an advisory Board composed of or. We Rowan of the University Oil Alberta professor Aldo Leopold of the University of Wisconsin and or. Miles d. Pirnie of Michigan state College the Sta Tion was turned Over to assist the research investigations of or. Hoch Baum who studied ornithology at Cornell under or. A. A. Allen and game management under professor Leopold at Wisconsin University. The project has been officially sup ported by ducks unlimited since 1942. Mates for the cardinals p. J. Fowler Winnipeg suggests that it might be possible to secure two female cardinals in the East and to release them As mates for the Winnipeg males if these fail to attract brides. The Experiment would appear to be. Worth trying rather than allow the Winnipeg Strain to die out. There is plenty birthdays or. E. Crossley Hunter Winnipeg born St. Thomas ont., april 28 1889. Or. A. Hamman Taber Alta. Born Knutsford Cheshire eng., april 28, 1866. John Richardson Napinka Man. Born Lincolnshire eng., april 28. 1854. S. B. Benedictson Langruth Man. Born no Dur Mula Suslu Iceland april 28, 1865. Of time yet for wandering cardinals to come North so we Hope for the Best. In the meantime there Are rumours of another male Cardinal in the North end of the City. Has any Reader definite knowledge of this Bird Spring migrants still scarce Birds in the Winnipeg area still appear to be scarce but the water Birds hate arrived elsewhere in num Bers. To Date 77 species have been listed 32 of them during the past week. New arrivals Are Blue Goose Snow Goose Cooper Hawk april 20 Rusty per Sparrow. Bedhead Grcen wort. Teal ferruginous Koug leg lj9th Sprague Pipit Chest rat col. Long Spur lath. Adverse winds and Colci nights have kept Birds Back and very few have been seen locally during the Stuart griddle Trees Bank. Man. Short eared owl 19th greater yellowlegs carried Virden Ian. Ring necked Duck White to Ltd. Sparrow Cooper Hawk Grey Choc ried and Olive bad. Thrushes 22nd. Bill blast Winnipeg. Belted Kingfisher Pintail. Frank Lin Gull godwit 23rd, be tween lock orc and Selkirk. Pred Coulter and w. Adams Winnipeg. Horned Grebe Franklin Gull King Fisher marbled godwit 23rd, lock port. J. L. Morton Tuxedo Man. Ruby or. Kinglet 20th. Whistling Swan 30 flying South no open water yet bronzed crackle 19th Short eared owl 18th Flicker 17th pin Tail Phoebe 16th Hermit Thrush. Golden Eye by. Sapsucker 14th song Sparrow Fox Sparrow Brown creeper 13th tree Sparrow w. Meadowlark Myrtle Warbler purple Finch 12th Canada Goose Robin. Mallard Brewer Blackbird Lith. De. Robinson East Bay. Man. Loon. 12th shovelled Pigeon Hawk whistling Swan Bald ate Canvas Back or. Yellowlegs. 17th Wilson ring Ned. Duck. . Teal lesser Scalp Bufflehead Bur rowing owl coot Holboll Grebe redhead Gadwall 20th first open water on Cadham s Bay 13th. Delta Duck station. Nesting notes great horned owl 3 eggs 22nd, St. James. Manville touring. Mrs. Chas. Macfarlane Portage la Prairie Man., reports her roller can Ary Laid seven eggs and succeeded in rearing All the Young. This is an unusually Large clutch eggs according to aviary experts. Bina Tion of Power prestige and resources to maintain world., peace and to help restore world order out of world r 28, 1942, a debate arose the House of lords on situation in the Southwest executive. True a representative in such must take the risk of being repudiated at Home but this danger Vas really illusory. There was no use having a representative pres ent As an auditor or consultant. The said lord Bennett is that the War Cabi net is responsible to this Parlia ment the United kingdom and not to the Dominion Parlia ments and there must be representation of the dominions in order that someone representing a Dominion May carry the responsibility of the government which he represents and the parliament of which he is the the difficulty had always been that the dominions claimed the form of self government and autonomy and at the same time declined to have anything to do with any form of Imperial federation or anything which involved the setting up of a legislative body o Deal with matters affecting the Empire at Large. As far As foreign affairs Are concerned we have the prob Lem to solve the chief problem that remains the most important problem the most difficult problem How we May be Able to maintain that continuity that will enable the voice and will of the overseas dominions to express themselves As they should with respect to foreign policy before it becomes effect the solution he intimated was not consultation but an Imperial Cabinet. In the debate of july 21, 1942, lord Eli Bank appealed for centralization on grounds very similar to those advanced by lord Halifax. In the creation of this new said lord Eli Bank the British Empire will have a great and an onerous part to play and in this work our principal collaborators will be the United states of America and t okd Bennett further develop ing his ideas said that if Here was to be a Commonwealth must on Many matters have a common policy. That is obvious. It must be a common foreign policy. How that is to be brought about is i conceive a problem of the first by some neans we must have a series of consultations that will ensure Unity of purpose action and the United kingdom lord Bennett went on had 60 per cent of the White people of the Commonwealth so that it is quite Clear that where John Bull sits is the head of the table so far As foreign policy is concerned and it is for him to initiate measures that Deal with our common concerns. But the problem As it seems to me is this How can you main Tain autonomy in the sense in which that term is used with respect to the British dominions and at the same time secure that Unity of purpose and action that is an essential attribute of the Commonwealth of Long ago people like himself lad favored an Empire parliament. This had been unobtainable. Yet f the Solidarity of the British pm dire is to be maintained if its Unity is to be maintained it can Only be done by making it a part of the responsibility of everyone in these dominions o agree upon whatever policy is to be Given effect lord Bennett was oppressed by he Lack of Pride in the Empire in the United kingdom. Canadians were better in this respect one cannot understand this talk of an International patriotism rather than a patriotism of Empire. Part of our difficulties today arise from the fact that for some strange Rea son i cannot describe men of some importance in the state urge that we should not be bothered about patriotism of Empire but rather concern our selves with an International patriotism that various things so Many of us hold dear As life itself should be treated As Mere trifles and baubles and today s scripture they that Trust in the lord shall be As mount Zion which cannot be removed but Arideth for Ever. 125 1 ;